The personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk has been the subject of numerous studies. Atatürk founded the Republic of Turkey and served as its president from until his death on 10 November According to Turkish historian Kemal H. KarpatAtatürk's recent bibliography included 7, different sources. The details of his marriage have always been a subject of debate. His religious beliefs were discussed in Turkish political life as recently as the Republic Protests during the presidential election. Mustafa Kemal's personality has been an important subject Harbıye Gay Escort Tw for scholars and the general public. Volkan and Norman Itzkowitz. In Turkish tradition, names have additional honorary or memorial values besides their grammatical identification function. It is possible to translate a name from Turkish to other languages, but care should be given as names' form varies from one language to another. Atatürk had Mustafa as his name at birth. Mustafa Arabic : مصطفى — Muṣṭafā"the chosen one"an epithet of the Islamic prophet Muhammadwas a common name at that time. Young Mustafa studied at Salonica Military School, the military junior high school in Salonica now Thessaloniki in modern Greecewhere his mathematics teacher Captain Üsküplü Mustafa Sabri Bey gave him the additional name "Kemal" "perfection" because of his student's academic excellence. On 27 NovemberMustafa Kemal was promoted to the rank of Binbaşıan Ottoman military rank denoting the commander of "a thousand soldiers," equivalent to the rank of Major in the modern Turkish army. Since, in Ottoman military ranks, " Bey " was a common title given to all ranks for Binbaşı and above, Mustafa Kemal Efendihenceforth, was addressed as "Mustafa Kemal Bey". In Ottoman military ranks, Pasha was a common title given to all ranks at and above Mirliva, and he was from then on addressed as "Mustafa Kemal Pasha" Turkish : Paşa. Kemal Pasha, disgusted by the capitulations and concessions made by the Sultan to the Allies, and by the occupation of Constantinople known as Istanbul in English since by the British, resigned from his post on Harbıye Gay Escort Tw July He escaped from Istanbul by sea, passing through British Royal Navy patrols and landing on the Black Sea port city of Samsunto organize the resistance against the Allied Powers' occupation of Anatolia. After his resignation, the Sublime Portethe Ottoman imperial government, issued a warrant and later condemned him to death in absentia. On 19 Septemberthe Turkish Grand National Assembly presented him with the title of Gaziwhich denotes, a combat or wounded veteran, with the religious connotation of defeating non-Islamic forces, and bestowed upon him the rank of Marshal for his achievements during the War of Independence. Henceforth, he'd be addressed Harbıye Gay Escort Tw "Gazi Mustafa Kemal". On 21 Junethe Grand National Assembly recognized the need for registration and use of fixed hereditary surnames. The Surname Law was proposed and later put into force. On 24 Novemberthe Assembly enacted a special law to bestow on Mustafa Kemal the surname "Atatürk," which translates as "Father of the Turks," [ 5 ] [ 6 ] and established "Atatürk" as a unique surname. Time magazine says: "Man of Seven Names. This blond, blue-eyed, Bacchic roughneck had seven names before he died as Kamâl Atatürk. Due to differences between calendars of the period, Atatürk's precise birth date is not known. The Ottoman Empire recognized the Hijri calendar and the Rumi calendar. The Hijri was an Islamic calendar, used to mark the religious holidays. It was lunar, with years of or days. The Rumi was a civil calendar, adopted in It was solar, based on the Julian Calendar. Both counted time from the Hijrathe migration of Muhammad to Medina. Between the two calendars significant differences in elapsed time were present. Various reforms were made to reconcile them but typically there was always a difference. Atatürk's birth date was recorded in the public records of Turkish Selanik as Anno Hegirae with no sign whether this was based on the Rumi or on the Hijri calendar. In view of this confusion Atatürk set his own birthday to coincide with the Turkish Independence Day, which he announced was 19 Maythe day of his arrival in Samsunin a speech given in His identification with Independence Day implied his selection of the civil calendar, in which AH lasts from 13 March to 12 March The latter dates are in the Gregorian Calendar just adopted for the Republic by Atatürk for purposes of standardization the Julian Calendar was rejected earlier. Atatürk therefore listed his own birthday in all documents official and unofficial as 19 May
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